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Submit. Resist. He Will Flee.


(James 4:7 — The Authority That Makes Darkness Run)


There are verses that feel short until you realize they are carrying an entire warfare strategy.


Not a suggestion.


Not a motivational thought.


Not a soft reminder to “try harder.”


A divine order.


A Kingdom sequence.


A spiritual law.


And when truth is spoken like that—when it is really truth—it does something more than inform us.


It arms us. It equips us. It empowers us.


It lights a fire somewhere beneath the ribs, in that place where the spirit recognizes what the mind may still be trying to catch up to.


And people do not always have language for that.


They may not know how to explain why a verse suddenly feels palpable.


Visceral.


Electric.


Alive.


But the spirit knows when truth has entered the room.


And James 4:7 is one of those verses.


“So submit to [the authority of] God. Resist the devil [stand firm against him] and he will flee from you.”


— James 4:7 AMP


On the surface, it sounds simple.


Submit to God.


Resist the devil.


He will flee.


But when you slow down, the order matters.


The words matter.


The authority matters.


The promise matters.


Because James is not saying resist first.


He is not saying fight from your emotion.


He is not saying go to war from your wound, your panic, your anger, your fear, or your volume.


He says:


Submit to God.


Then:


Resist the devil.


Then:


he will flee.


That is the order.


Submission.


Resistance.


Flight.


And that is not just instruction.


That is strategy.



The Context — James Writing to Scattered Believers


James is writing to the “twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad.”


He opens his letter:


“James, a bond-servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, To the twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad: Greetings.”


— James 1:1 AMP


So this letter is not written to people living in comfort, ease, and spiritual neutrality.


It is written to believers scattered under pressure.


Jewish believers in Yeshua who understood Torah, covenant, synagogue rhythms, persecution, poverty, social tension, and the difficulty of living faithfully in an environment pressing against them.


James writes like a shepherd and a prophet.


Practical.


Piercing.


Direct.


He does not write in clouds.


He writes into daily life.


Trials.


Temptation.


The tongue.


Favoritism.


Faith without works.


Wisdom from above versus wisdom from below.


Quarrels.


Worldliness.


Pride.


Humility.


Prayer.


Endurance.


He is not writing abstract theology.


He is teaching believers how to live a faith that has bones.


A faith that can stand under pressure.


A faith that does not only talk right, but walks right.


And by the time he reaches James 4, he is confronting the source of conflict.


Not just conflict around them.


Conflict within them.


He asks:


“What leads to [the unending] quarrels and conflicts among you? Do they not come from your [hedonistic] desires that wage war in your [bodily] members [fighting for control over you]?”


— James 4:1 AMP


That phrase matters:


wage war.


James is not naive about the unseen conflict inside the human soul.


He understands that there are desires, cravings, pride, divided loyalties, and spiritual forces at work trying to pull the believer out of alignment with God.


So when he says, “Submit to God. Resist the devil,” he is not throwing out a random command.


He is giving the antidote to divided allegiance.


He is saying:


Stop trying to fight darkness while still entertaining disorder.


Stop trying to resist the enemy while refusing the authority of God.


Stop trying to win spiritual battles from a place of internal rebellion.


Come under God.


Then stand against the devil.


And the devil will flee.



Who James Was — The Brother of Yeshua


And we cannot separate this letter from who James was.


James was the brother of Yeshua.


He grew up in the same household.


He would have heard the same Hebrew Scriptures.


He would have known Torah.


He would have breathed Jewish thought.


He would have spoken in the language-world of Hebrew and Aramaic, even as his letter comes to us in Greek.


That matters because James does not think like a detached Greek philosopher.


He thinks like a Jewish believer whose entire understanding of life is rooted in covenant, wisdom, obedience, reverence, and the fear of the Lord.


So when James writes “submit,” he is not thinking weakly.


He is not thinking passively.


He is not thinking, “Become small and let darkness run over you.”


No.


In Hebraic thought, to submit to God is to come under the rightful order of the King.


It is alignment.


It is covenant loyalty.


It is the posture of saying:


Yahweh, You are the authority over me.


Your Word outranks my emotions.


Your command outranks my fear.


Your truth outranks the accusation.


Your presence governs my response.


That is not weakness.


That is the beginning of authority.


Because a person under God’s authority is not spiritually unprotected.


They are properly positioned.



The Original Greek


James 4:7 in Greek reads:


Ὑποτάγητε οὖν τῷ Θεῷ· ἀντίστητε δὲ τῷ διαβόλῳ, καὶ φεύξεται ἀφ’ ὑμῶν.


Transliteration:


Hypotagēte oun tō Theō; antistēte de tō diabolō, kai pheuxetai aph’ hymōn.


A close rendering:


“Therefore, submit yourselves to God; but resist the devil, and he will flee away from you.”


Now slow down.


Because this sentence is short, but it is loaded.



“So” — The Hinge Word


The AMP begins:


“So submit…”


The Greek has:


οὖν — oun


Meaning:


therefore


so then


because of this


That means verse 7 is connected to what came before.


James has just said:


“But He gives us more and more grace [through the power of the Holy Spirit to defy sin and live an obedient life that reflects both our faith and our gratitude for our salvation]. Therefore, it says, ‘God is opposed to the proud and haughty, but [continually] gives [the gift of] grace to the humble.’”


— James 4:6 AMP


Then comes:


Therefore, submit to God.


So submission is connected to humility.


Pride resists God and becomes vulnerable to the enemy.


Humility submits to God and becomes dangerous to darkness.


That is the first hidden thread.


The devil is resisted most effectively by people who are submitted most deeply.



Submit — Not Collapse, But Come Under Divine Order


Ὑποτάγητε — hypotagēte


From hypotassō.


This means:


to place under


to arrange under


to subject oneself


to come under proper authority


to align under an established order


This is not the same as being crushed.


This is not servile fear.


This is not losing identity.


This is not spiritual passivity.


This is military language in its texture.


It carries the idea of arranging oneself under command.


Coming into order.


Taking one’s place under rightful authority.


So when James says:


submit to God


he is saying:


Come under God’s authority.


Come under His order.


Come under His truth.


Come under His covering.


Come under His government.


Bring your emotions under Him.


Bring your thoughts under Him.


Bring your reaction under Him.


Bring your anger under Him.


Bring your warfare under Him.


Bring your mouth under Him.


Bring your discernment under Him.


Bring your zeal under Him.


Because zeal without submission can become noise.


Fire without order can burn the wrong thing.


But fire under God becomes holy.


This is where it corrects me too.


Because when I am warring, when I am praying, when I am full of holy zeal, I can get loud.


I can get fiery.


I can feel the roar rise in me.


And I do not believe there is anything wrong with passion, holy fire, bold prayer, or righteous resistance.


Scripture is not timid.


But James reminds me that power does not begin with volume.


Power begins with submission.


The rebuke does not work because I am loud.


The rebuke works because I am aligned.



To the Authority of God


The AMP expands this beautifully:


“Submit to [the authority of] God.”


Authority means the legal right to govern.


The right to command.


The right to establish order.


The right to define what is true.


So to submit to the authority of God means I stop letting anything else have the final word.


Not the devil.


Not fear.


Not trauma.


Not accusation.


Not my mood.


Not my past.


Not someone else’s opinion.


Not the storm.


Not the symptom.


Not the delay.


Not the warfare.


God gets the final word.


His Word becomes the highest court.


His name becomes the highest authority.


His Spirit becomes the governing presence.


And when I come under Him, I am not becoming weaker.


I am stepping into covering.


I am stepping into order.


I am stepping into the only authority darkness cannot overthrow.



Resist — Stand Opposite and Refuse Access


ἀντίστητε — antistēte


From anthistēmi.


This means:


to stand against


to oppose


to withstand


to take a firm position against


to set oneself in opposition


This is not vague avoidance.


This is not hoping the enemy gets bored.


This is not tolerating his suggestions while calling it discernment.


This is resistance.


It means when the enemy comes with accusation, I do not entertain it.


When he comes with fear, I do not partner with it.


When he comes with temptation, I do not negotiate with it.


When he comes with confusion, I do not crown it as wisdom.


When he comes with shame, I do not wear it as identity.


When he comes with lies, I answer with truth.


To resist means I stand opposite.


I refuse agreement.


I deny access.


I do not make a home for what God has called me to cast down.


This is where we have to understand the unseen.


Because if the devil manifested physically in front of us, if we could see him sitting across the room, speaking lies, twisting truth, accusing us, tempting us, mocking God’s Word, trying to pull us into fear, most believers would recognize the need to resist immediately.


We would not casually invite him to stay.


We would not give him coffee.


We would not ask him to explain more.


We would not meditate on his accusations for three hours and call it “processing.”


We would say:


No.


Leave.


In the name of Yeshua.


But because the battle often comes as a thought, a feeling, an intrusive fear, a seductive suggestion, a subtle accusation, a distorted desire, a replayed wound, we do not always treat it like an enemy.


We call it “me.”


We call it “my anxiety.”


We call it “my personality.”


We call it “just how I think.”


And sometimes, yes, we are dealing with human emotions, nervous system patterns, pain, and natural processes that need compassion and healing.


But we also have to discern when something is not just emotional.


It is spiritual.


A lie has a voice.


Accusation has a voice.


Temptation has a voice.


Fear has a voice.


And the command is not to host it.


The command is to resist it.



How We Resist


We resist by standing in truth.


We resist by refusing agreement.


We resist by speaking the Word.


We resist by submitting the thought to Christ.


We resist by worshiping when heaviness wants silence.


We resist by forgiving when bitterness wants a throne.


We resist by obeying when rebellion wants an excuse.


We resist by praying when despair says nothing is changing.


We resist by declaring the name of Yeshua when fear tries to take the room.


We resist by saying:


That is not God.


That is not truth.


That is not my portion.


That is not my identity.


That is not the voice I follow.


That does not get to govern me.


This is what Paul is teaching in another place:


“We are destroying sophisticated arguments and every exalted and proud thing that sets itself up against the [true] knowledge of God, and we are taking every thought and purpose captive to the obedience of Christ,”


— 2 Corinthians 10:5 AMP


That is resistance.


Not letting every thought roam freely through the house of your mind.


Not letting every accusation sit at the table.


Not letting every fear become a prophecy.


You take it captive.


You bring it under Christ.


You resist.



The Devil — Not a Cartoon, But an Accuser


τῷ διαβόλῳ — tō diabolō


The devil.


The word diabolos means:


slanderer


accuser


false accuser


one who throws across


one who divides by accusation


This matters.


Because one of the greatest lies the devil has ever spread is that he does not exist.


Another is that he looks ridiculous.


Horns.


Pitchfork.


Red costume.


Cartoon evil.


But that is not how Scripture presents him.


Scripture calls him subtle.


Accuser.


Tempter.


Adversary.


Serpent.


Dragon.


Father of lies.


One who disguises himself as an angel of light.


Paul writes:


“And no wonder, since Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light.”


— 2 Corinthians 11:14 AMP


Yeshua says:


“He was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth because there is no truth in him.”


— John 8:44 AMP


Peter says:


“Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion [fiercely hungry], seeking someone to devour.”


— 1 Peter 5:8 AMP


Revelation calls him:


“the ancient serpent who is called the devil and Satan, he who continually deceives and seduces the entire inhabited world.”


— Revelation 12:9 AMP


So no, he is not a joke.


But he is also not equal to God.


That is important.


The devil is real, but he is not sovereign.


He is dangerous, but he is defeated.


He is deceptive, but he is not all-knowing.


He is strategic, but he is not omnipresent.


He imitates light, but he is not light.


He accuses, but he cannot overrule the blood.


He tempts, but he cannot force obedience.


He roars, but he still has to flee when resisted by one submitted to God.


That is the balance.


We do not ignore him.


We do not obsess over him.


We submit to God and resist him.



The Beauty and the Deception


It is important to say this carefully.


Scripture plainly names Michael as an archangel and Gabriel as a messenger angel. Satan is not directly called an archangel in the biblical text. Some traditions connect prophetic passages like Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 to Satan because they describe a proud heavenly being, cast down, associated with beauty, brilliance, and corruption.


Ezekiel 28 says:


“You were the anointed cherub who covers and protects, And I placed you there. You were on the holy mountain of God; You walked in the midst of the stones of fire.”


— Ezekiel 28:14 AMP


And then:


“Your heart was proud and arrogant because of your beauty; You destroyed your wisdom for the sake of your splendor.”


— Ezekiel 28:17 AMP


So the picture is not ugly in the beginning.


It is beauty corrupted by pride.


Splendor twisted inward.


Light imitation without holy submission.


And that matters because deception rarely arrives looking obviously hideous.


If it did, more people would resist it faster.


Deception often arrives dressed in partial truth.


It imitates light.


It flatters pride.


It justifies bitterness.


It spiritualizes rebellion.


It makes fear sound responsible.


It makes suspicion sound like discernment.


It makes control sound like wisdom.


That is why submission to God must come first.


Because without submission, we may try to resist the devil while still agreeing with the very pride that gave him access.



Michael and the Rebuke


This is why Jude is so sobering.


When Michael contended with the devil over the body of Moses, Scripture says Michael did not rail against him in his own strength.


“But when [even] the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, argued about the body of Moses, he did not dare pronounce against him an abusive condemnation, but [simply] said, ‘The Lord rebuke you!’”


— Jude 1:9 AMP


That checks me.


Because sometimes in warfare, we can think intensity equals authority.


We can get heated.


We can get loud.


We can start speaking from holy zeal, but if we are not careful, the flesh tries to climb into the sound.


Michael did not need to perform power.


He stood in order.


He said:


The Lord rebuke you.


That is authority.


Not because the words were many.


Because the source was right.


There is a time for bold prayer.


There is a time for fiery declaration.


There is a time to raise the sound.


But there is never a time to step outside the authority of God and call it warfare.


We do not defeat darkness by becoming chaotic.


We defeat darkness by standing submitted to the Lord of Hosts.



He Will Flee


καὶ φεύξεται ἀφ’ ὑμῶν — kai pheuxetai aph’ hymōn


“And he will flee from you.”


The word pheuxetai comes from pheugō.


It means:


to flee


to run away


to escape


to seek safety by flight


to vanish from danger


This is not a casual walking away.


This is not the enemy politely stepping aside.


This is flight.


Retreat.


Withdrawal.


The language carries movement away from a threat.


And that is wild to consider.


Because James is saying that when you are submitted to God and resisting the devil, the devil is the one who has to move.


Not you.


Not the one under God’s authority.


Not the one standing firm in truth.


He flees.


Because submission to God makes you dangerous to the accuser.


Resistance removes his access.


Truth exposes his lie.


The name of Yeshua strips his authority.


The blood answers his accusation.


The Word becomes the sword.


And he cannot stay where he is being resisted by one who is rightly aligned under God.


That is the anchoring promise of the Scripture:


He will flee.


Not maybe.


Not hopefully.


Not if you feel strong enough.


He will flee.



The English Structure — The Sequence of Authority


Even in English, the sentence teaches us.


“So submit to [the authority of] God. Resist the devil [stand firm against him] and he will flee from you.”


First sentence:


Submit to God.


This is the foundation.


The starting point.


The governing posture.


Second sentence:


Resist the devil.


This is the action.


The refusal.


The firm stance.


Then the result:


he will flee from you.


The structure is command, command, promise.


Submit.


Resist.


He will flee.


The promise is connected to the order.


If I try to resist without submitting, I may end up striving.


If I submit without resisting, I may become passive.


But when submission and resistance come together, authority is activated.


That is the balance.


Humility toward God.


Defiance toward the devil.


Surrender upward.


Resistance outward.


That is Kingdom posture.



Standing Firm Against Him


The AMP says:


“Resist the devil [stand firm against him].”


Stand firm.


That means do not keep changing positions based on how hard the enemy pushes.


Do not agree with truth in the morning and accusation by night.


Do not declare freedom and then rehearse bondage.


Do not say God is faithful and then let fear narrate the ending.


Stand.


Paul says it this way:


“Put on the full armor of God [for His precepts are like the splendid armor of a heavily-armed soldier], so that you may be able to [successfully] stand up against all the schemes and the strategies and the deceits of the devil.”


— Ephesians 6:11 AMP


And again:


“Therefore, put on the complete armor of God, so that you will be able to [successfully] resist and stand your ground in the evil day [of danger], and having done everything [that the crisis demands], to stand firm [in your place, fully prepared, immovable, victorious].”


— Ephesians 6:13 AMP


Stand firm does not mean you never feel the push.


It means the push does not get to move you out of truth.


Stand firm means:


I may feel fear, but I will not obey fear.


I may hear accusation, but I will not agree with accusation.


I may feel tempted, but I will not negotiate with temptation.


I may feel weary, but I will not surrender my ground.


I may be in a battle, but I know who my Commander is.


And I am not standing in my own name.


I am standing in the authority of Yeshua.



The Unseen Is Real


I think part of why we struggle with this is because we cannot always see what is happening in the unseen.


If we could see it, if the spiritual realm were physically visible in front of us, I think we would understand James 4:7 differently.


We would see that submission is not weakness.


It is alignment with heaven’s government.


We would see that resistance is not dramatic.


It is necessary.


We would see that the devil is not a symbol for discomfort.


He is an adversary.


We would see that words matter. Agreement matters. Thoughts matter. Worship matters.

Obedience matters. Forgiveness matters.


The name of Yeshua matters.


We would see that when a believer submits to God and resists the devil, something is happening in the unseen.


Lines are being drawn. Access is being denied.


Lies are being exposed. Authority is being exercised.


And darkness is being made to retreat.


That is why this verse is so powerful.


It pulls the unseen into practical instruction.

It does not leave us helpless. It tells us what to do.


Submit. Resist. Stand firm.


And he will flee.



The Hebrew and Aramaic Mind Beneath the Greek


Even though James writes in Greek, the mind beneath the letter is deeply Hebraic.


James would have understood that resisting evil is not merely mental disagreement.


It is covenant faithfulness.

It is walking in the way of Yahweh.

It is choosing wisdom over folly.


It is rejecting the serpent’s voice the way Eve was meant to reject it in the garden.


It is saying: I will not eat from the word that contradicts God’s Word.


Because that was the first strategy of the serpent.


“Did God really say?”


That is still the strategy. Question the Word.

Distort the Word. Undermine trust. Make disobedience look like wisdom. Make pride look like freedom. Make rebellion look like self-protection.


So James, as the brother of Yeshua and a man steeped in the Scriptures of Israel, gives us the reversal:


Come back under God’s Word. Resist the serpent’s voice. Stand firm.


And he will flee.


This is Eden reversed through obedience. Where Adam and Eve listened, the submitted believer resists.


Where the serpent gained ground through agreement, the believer denies access through truth.


Where deception entered through distrust, authority is restored through submission.


That is the thread beneath the thread.



James 4:7 — The Number 4 and the Number 7


And even the address of the verse itself feels like a small hidden picture:


James 4:7.


Now I want to say this with wisdom.


Biblical numerology should never become superstition.


We do not build doctrine from chapter and verse numbers, because those numbers were added later for reference.


But sometimes, as a devotional lens, the numbers can become a beautiful meditation that helps us remember the truth inside the passage.


The number four in biblical thought often carries the picture of the earth, the created order, the four corners, the four winds, the world in its visible spread.


And in Hebrew, the fourth letter is Dalet.


Dalet is often pictured as a door.


A threshold. An entrance. A place of movement from one realm into another.


That alone feels fitting. Because James 4:7 is a doorway verse.


It shows us the threshold between being harassed and being aligned.


Between tolerating the enemy and resisting him. Between standing exposed and standing under authority.


Submit to God. That is the door.


The number seven in Scripture often carries the idea of completion, fullness, rest, covenant wholeness, divine completion.


The seventh day is rest.


Seven often marks the completed work or the fullness of a pattern.


And in Hebrew, the seventh letter is Zayin.


Zayin can carry the picture of a weapon or sword.


So even devotionally, 4:7 feels like a picture:

the door and the weapon.


Submission is the door. Resistance is the weapon. God’s authority is the covering. The Word is the sword.


And the result is completed by the promise:

he will flee.


Again, we do not force meaning into numbers.

But we can receive the picture as a reminder:


James 4:7 stands like a threshold into ordered warfare.


A doorway into authority.

A weaponized posture of humility.


A complete promise for those who come under God and stand against darkness.



The Transferable Revelation for Us Today


This verse is not locked in the first century. It is alive right now. Because the devil still accuses. He still tempts. He still distorts. He still disguises.


He still tries to make believers feel powerless against thoughts they were actually commanded to resist.


And God still gives grace to the humble. God still covers the submitted. God still honors His Word. God still trains His children to stand.


So for us, James 4:7 becomes daily warfare wisdom.


When fear rises: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When shame accuses: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When temptation whispers: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When bitterness feels justified: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When confusion tries to rule: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When pride wants to take over the room: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


When spiritual warfare gets loud: Submit to God. Resist the devil.


And then remember: He will flee.


The enemy does not get permanent residence where God has been given authority.



The Hidden Thread


The hidden thread is this:


James is not giving us a weak command.


He is revealing the posture that makes a believer dangerous in the unseen.


Submission to God is not surrendering to defeat.


It is surrendering to the only authority that can defeat what is opposing you.


Resistance is not panic.

It is firm refusal.


And the devil’s flight is not because we are impressive.


It is because God’s authority is.


When we come under God, we can stand against the devil.


And when we stand against the devil in the authority of God, the enemy must retreat.



The Scroll Within the Scroll


The devil wants you either proud or passive.


Proud enough to fight without submission.


Passive enough to submit without resisting.


But James gives us the Kingdom posture:


Low before God.

Firm before darkness.


Humble upward.

Unyielding outward.


Submitted to the Father.

Resistant to the accuser.


Standing in truth.

Covered by authority.


And that is where the promise lives: he will flee from you.



Final Thought


Maybe James 4:7 is not just telling us what to do when the enemy attacks.


Maybe it is showing us who we become when we are rightly aligned.


We become people who do not have to be frantic to be powerful.


People who do not have to be loud to carry authority.


People who do not have to be afraid of the unseen because we are submitted to the God who rules over all seen and unseen things.


So submit to God. Come under His authority.


Let His truth govern you. Let His Word anchor you. Let His Spirit order you.


Then resist the devil. Stand firm against him. Refuse his lies. Deny his access.


Rebuke him in the name of Yeshua.


And hold the promise like a sword in your hand: he will flee.


Not because you are the source of power. But because you are submitted to the One who is.


———


I Hear the Spirit say:


You have been trying to stand against what you have not first surrendered above.


And I am not correcting you to shame you—I am aligning you to strengthen you.


Because power does not begin in resistance.


Power begins in right placement.


When you come under Me, you come into order.


When you come into order, you come into authority.


And when you stand in My authority, you are no longer negotiating with what I have already defeated.


So listen closely—


You do not have to match the volume of the battle to win it.


You do not have to strive to prove your strength.


You do not have to exhaust yourself trying to overpower darkness.


You only have to stand where I told you to stand.


Submitted.


Aligned.


Covered.


Because the enemy does not flee from your effort—


He flees from My authority in you.


And I am teaching you the difference.


I am teaching you how to war without leaving peace.


How to resist without losing tenderness.


How to stand without hardening your heart.


How to carry fire without becoming consumed by it.


You are learning to move from governed authority, not reactive intensity.


And yes—I have seen the moments where you felt the pressure rise.


Where the thoughts came louder.


Where the weight tried to press you down.


Where the old reflex wanted to engage, explain, argue, or absorb.


But I am showing you a higher way:


Return to Me first.


Not last.


Not after the spiral.


Not after the exhaustion.


First.


Because submission is not delay—


It is positioning.


And from that place, resistance becomes clean.


Clear.


Sharp.


Effective.


You will begin to notice it—


The moment you refuse agreement, something shifts.


The moment you stand in truth, something breaks.


The moment you speak My name from alignment, something moves.


Because darkness recognizes what you sometimes forget:


You are not standing alone.


You are standing in Me.


And where I am acknowledged, I rule.


Where I rule, disorder cannot remain.


So do not be intimidated by what comes against you.


Do not be impressed by the noise of the enemy.


Do not measure power by intensity.


Measure it by alignment.


Because one heart fully submitted to Me carries more authority than a thousand loud voices striving without Me.


So stand.


Not in your name.


In Mine.


Not in your strength.


In My Spirit.


Not in fear of the battle—


But in confidence of the outcome.


And remember this:


You are not trying to make the enemy leave.


You are standing in the place where he cannot stay.


And that is why he flees.”

 
 
 

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